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User manuals should be available as needed for anaesthetic equipment.³³

Access to cardiac output monitoring should be available for high-risk cardiac cases and its availability for thoracic cases should be considered.^11,12

Physiological monitoring alarm settings should be appropriate for the specific procedure.¹³

A fluid warmer allowing the transfusion of warmed blood products and intravenous fluids should be available.¹⁴

Availability of a rapid infusion device should be considered for the management of major haemorrhage.¹⁴

A cell salvage service should be available for cases where massive blood loss is anticipated and for patients who decline blood products. Staff who operate this equipment should receive training and use it frequently to maintain their skills.

Ultrasound should be available for the placement of vascular catheters.¹⁵

Cardiac anaesthesia and surgery are carried out under intensive physiological patient monitoring. Equipment used routinely for monitoring during cardiac surgery should be available. This includes invasive pressure monitoring for both systemic arterial and central venous pressures.^10,15

Transesophageal echocardiogram should be immediately available.

Complex cases may require additional monitoring, such as pulmonary arterial pressure monitoring, measurement of cardiac output and cerebral near-infrared spectroscopy.