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Consideration should be given to scheduling patients with diabetes at the start of the theatre list, to minimise disruption to the patient’s glycaemic control.
Hospitals should provide the services and resources required for the management of the surgical patient with diabetes, including explicit managerial and clinical policies.47
Hospitals should consider appointing a lead anaesthetist for diabetes.
Hospitals should have clinical guidelines, including:47
- involving patients in the management of their own diabetes
- ensuring that surgical patients with diabetes have an individualised explicit plan for managing their diabetes during the periods of starvation and surgical stress; this may require the involvement of senior anaesthetic staff and the availability of equipment to continue or institute variable-rate intravenous insulin...
There must be the ability to provide the patient with the appropriate chaperone, as per GMC guidance on intimate examinations and chaperones.11 When examining a patient, anaesthetists must be sensitive to what the patient may consider as intimate, which could include any examination where it is necessary to touch or even be close to the patient.
Trusts should commit themselves to provide the time and resources to educate those who provide intraoperative care for patients.2
Theatre teams should undergo regular, multidisciplinary training that promotes teamwork, with a focus on human factors, effective communication and openness.2
All staff should have access to adequate time, funding and facilities to undertake and update training that is relevant to their clinical practice, including annual mandatory training such as basic life support.2
All institutions should have protocols and the necessary facilities for managing postoperative care and should review and update these regularly.179
The following protocols should be held and easily accessible for:
- management of postoperative nausea and vomiting
- pain relief for patients with chronic pain185
- hypothermia186
- blood transfusion
- fluid therapy
- acute coronary syndrome
- respiratory diseases
- hypotension
- hypertension
- monitoring following central and peripheral neuraxial blockade.187