It's also associated with other risk factors for poor outcomes, including multimorbidity, sarcopenia and disability. Despite the prevalence of these conditions, current perioperative pathways are not always tailored to high-risk, older surgical patients, resulting in unacceptable variation in access to and quality of care across the UK. 

Comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) can be used to assess and optimise frailty, multimorbidity and other age-related syndromes, reducing postoperative morbidity and mortality with proven cost-effectiveness. Implementing CGA-based perioperative services is therefore key in delivering high-quality and cost-effective care of older people undergoing surgery.