The College Crest

Heraldry (‘the art and science of personal identification’) originated in the twelfth century to distinguish friend from foe in the heat of battle amongst heavily armoured knights with their visors closed. The use of heraldry for this original purpose was relatively short lived. This was because gunpowder, which was introduced into Europe in the fourteenth century, made heavy armour obsolete. Heraldry lived on, however, to distinguish armies and buildings by flags and badges, to demarcate personal property, and for ceremonial purposes.

The College of Arms was founded by Richard III in 1484. Its Officers are the Kings of Arms and Heralds who have the duty of recording and regulating the use of arms under the direction of the Earl Marshall of England. Anyone can design and use a logo or register a trade mark, but the right to bear heraldic arms is an honour bestowed by the monarch on eminent individuals or institutions. The then College of Anaesthetists was granted this distinction in 1989 (Figure 1) even before the College received the ‘Royal’ accolade by Charter on 16 March 1992.

The Arms of the Royal College of Anaesthetists
It is often customary for the arms of a person or Corporate body to include features and charges taken from the arms of illustrious predecessors. The arms of the Royal College of Anaesthetists are no exception. The pedigree of the College is illustrated in Figure 2.

The shield or escutcheon is the principal constituent of an armorial achievement and may be used on its own especially on flags, banners and seals.

Both the shield of the Royal College of Surgeons of England and that of its predecessor the Company of Surgeons displayed crosses on a silver (or white) field. The device on the surgical College shield is the red cross of St. George of England, but the one used on the shield of the Company of Surgeons was a distinctive blue ‘crenalated’ cross; this has now been adopted for use by the Royal College of Anaesthetists. The bright blue colour, coincidentally but appropriately, mirrors the ‘french’ or ‘electric’ blue currently used to distinguish British nitrous oxide cylinders.

The shield of the Royal College of Surgeons of England has a red band ‘in chief’ (i.e. across the top of the shield); this has also been included on the new shield. The general format of the new shield, with its red band and blue cross, thus echoes that of its forebears, but it is, at the same time, unique. The colours, red, white (silver) and blue also suggest that the Royal College of Anaesthetists has jurisdiction throughout the United Kingdom, whereas the red and white of the Surgeons’ shield with its St. George’s cross, represent England alone.

The charges on the shield have been carefully chosen. The golden morphia poppy heads or seed boxes, which come from the arms of the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland, are displayed ‘in chief’; they represent general anaesthesia and analgesia. The knotted serpents in the first and fourth quadrants are taken from the Surgeons’ shield; snakes are traditionally associated with the power of healing. The novel cocaine leaves in the second and fourth quadrant represent local anaesthesia. The lion’s ‘face’, at the centre or ‘fez’ point, echoes the crouching lions representing vigilance which are a distinctive charge on the Surgeons’ arms.

The helmet depicted is that of an esquire or gentleman because the visor is closed. This reflects the status of British anaesthetists as members of the medical profession. This helmet is, however, unusual as it faces forward (‘affrontée’), like that of a knight which usually has an open visor. An esquire’s helmet is normally set in profile with a closed visor, as in the arms of the Royal Society of Medicine and the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland.

The crest fixed on the top of the helmet by a wreath is another distinguishing device used by knights encased in armour. It can be used on its own as a badge or identification mark. The crest of the Royal College of Anaesthetists symbolises general and local anaesthesia (the poppy head and cocaine leaves) and the geographical jurisdiction of the College (the Tudor rose of England and Wales, the thistle of Scotland, and the shamrock of Northern Ireland).

Figure 1 The Coat of Arms

The ‘Mantling’ or ‘lambrequin’ was originally a cloth cover to keep the sun off the helmet but, in heraldry, it is often used to depict symbolic colours. The mantling of the helmet of the Royal College of Anaesthetists is in red, green and white (silver); these are the principal colours of the arms of the Royal Society of Medicine.

The supporters are normally reserved for peers in personal grants of arms and are granted to institutions only as a mark of special distinction. The supporters of the arms of the Royal College of Anaesthetists are the pioneer British anaesthetists John Snow (1813–1858) and Joseph Thomas Clover (1825–1882). Snow is depicted as a Doctor of Medicine of the University of London and has his early treatise On the inhalation of ether in surgical operations in his hand, and Clover holds his famous portable ether inhaler and is dressed in the robes of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. The dress of the supporters emphasises that Snow was primarily a physician and that Clover was originally a surgeon. This again follows a tradition; the arms of the Surgeons’ College are supported by Machaon and Podalirus, the legendary surgeon and physician at the siege of Troy, and those of the Royal Society of Medicine by the twin medical and surgical saints Cosmos and Damian.

The motto was originally a battle cry, but nowadays it is a slogan of more peaceful import. The phrase ‘Divinum sedare dolorem’ – ‘It is divine (or praiseworthy) to alleviate pain’ – was chosen by Council with great care. It reflects the primary function of the specialty of anaesthesia and is easily translated, even by those who are not too familiar with the Latin tongue.

Summary
The achievement of arms which have been granted to the Royal College of Anaesthetists by the College of Arms symbolise both the historic origins and present day responsibilities of British physician anaesthetists. It can be used with pride and satisfaction by Fellows and Members at home and overseas.

Acknowledgements
The writer wishes to acknowledge the patient co-operation and advice of John P. Brooke-Little Esq., CVO, MA, FSA, Norroy and Ulster King of Arms, during the negotiations for a grant of arms which have now been successfully concluded. Thanks are also due to Michael Birley Esq., MA, of Marlborough College, who advised on the choice of motto and its correct Latin interpretation, and to Dr P W Thompson, who took over the negotiations with the College of Arms after the writer retired from Council.

Thomas B Boulton

Figure 2 Pedigree of the College of Anaesthetists